// Component encoding (for query parameters)
const component = "hello world & more!";
const encoded = encodeURIComponent(component);
console.log(encoded); 
// "hello%20world%20%26%20more!"

const decoded = decodeURIComponent(encoded);
console.log(decoded); 
// "hello world & more!"

// Full URI encoding (preserves structure)
const uri = "https://example.com/search?q=hello world";
const encodedURI = encodeURI(uri);
console.log(encodedURI);
// "https://example.com/search?q=hello%20world"

// Building query strings
function buildQuery(params) {
  return Object.keys(params)
    .map(key => 
      encodeURIComponent(key) + '=' + 
      encodeURIComponent(params[key])
    )
    .join('&');
}

const params = { name: "John Doe", age: 30, city: "New York" };
console.log(buildQuery(params));
// "name=John%20Doe&age=30&city=New%20York"

import urllib.parse

# URL component encoding
component = "hello world & more!"
encoded = urllib.parse.quote(component)
print(encoded)  
# "hello%20world%20%26%20more%21"

decoded = urllib.parse.unquote(encoded)
print(decoded)  
# "hello world & more!"

# Query parameter encoding
params = {
    'name': 'John Doe',
    'age': '30',
    'city': 'New York'
}
query_string = urllib.parse.urlencode(params)
print(query_string)
# "name=John+Doe&age=30&city=New+York"

# Parse and encode URLs
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, quote

url = "https://example.com/path with spaces"
parsed = urlparse(url)
encoded_path = quote(parsed.path)
safe_url = urlunparse(parsed._replace(path=encoded_path))
print(safe_url)
# "https://example.com/path%20with%20spaces"